Exposure is controlled by the cameras light meter. This determines what the proper exposure is; it all sets the f-stop and shutter speed. (F-stop represents the focal length and is a fraction).
A good way to understand it is, think of a bucket of water with a hole in the bottom. If you have a large hole (large aperture) the water will drain quickly (fast shutter speed). Conversely, for the same amount of water, if you have a small hole in the bottom of the bucket (small aperture), the water will drain out slowly (slow shutter speed).
Exposure or lightness and darkness in the picture is a combination of the f-stop, which is the size of the hole in the lens, and the shutter speed, which is the length of time that the shutter is open. So, if you leave
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